Economic ties between the countries have a long history.
Beijing has made significant strides in consolidating society around the national idea of a great, powerful, and prosperous China.
China is of great interest to Ukraine, as the latter is a permanent member of the UN Security Council and a rapidly developing nuclear power and reaching the forefront as a great world power. According to well-known political scientists, China may soon become the second pole of influence and power in the world after the United States. Cooperation with such a powerful partner can promise Ukraine, which is not yet a member of any defense alliance, a significant strengthening of its position in the international arena.
China, as a major world power, is an important partner of Ukraine, with the help of which Kyiv can increase its economic and political presence in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition to mutually beneficial trade and economic exchanges, the likely prospect of joint coordination of countering existing and potential threats and challenges, such as international terrorism, environmental pollution, epidemics, proliferation, illegal migration, etc., is becoming attractive.
In general, there are reasons to state that Ukrainian-Chinese relations are developing upwards and have good prospects. A draft agreement on the principles of relations and strategic cooperation between Ukraine and China in the XXI century is being developed. This extremely important document is valid for 25 years. China has such a large political agreement only with Russia.
Thus, it can be seen that Ukraine and China have an interest in establishing and further developing bilateral relations that will be mutually beneficial for both countries. Therefore, in determining the foreign policy orientations of the Ukrainian state, the possibility of cooperation with China should not be pushed to the background and preference should be given only to establishing relations with NATO countries or EU integration, as successful implementation of the Ukrainian-Chinese partnership can be a key to Ukraine
literature
Gaidukov L. Ukrainian-Chinese relations: history, present, prospects. // Politics and time. -2001. – No. 7. Honcharuk A. Ukraine-China: unrealized opportunities and lost prospects // Politics and time. – 1999. – No. 2. Lytvyn V. Ukraine and China in historical relations. // Voice of Ukraine: VRU newspaper. – 2004. – No. 53 (3303). Nartov NA Geopolitics: a textbook for universities. – Moscow: 1999. Scientific Bulletin of the Diplomatic Academy of Ukraine. – Kyiv: 2002. – Issue 7. Ukraine and the world: problems and prospects of international relations. – K .: 2003.www.svit.ukrinfirm.com: 8101.
05/08/2011
Development of foreign economic activity: a historical overview. Abstract
Formation of the world market in ancient times and the Middle Ages. Further stages of formation of the world market. Characteristic features of the modern world capitalist market
At the present stage of social development, a significant role for the economy of each individual country and the world as a whole is played by the world economy, which unites national economies that are connected and interact according to the laws of the international division of labor …
Economic ties between the countries have a long history. For centuries, they existed mainly as foreign trade, solving the problem of providing the population with goods that the national economy produced inefficiently or did not produce at all. With the development of evolution, foreign economic relations have outgrown the borders of foreign trade and become a complex set of international economic relations that affect the interests of all states.
It is believed that the formation of the world market is associated with industrial civilization. Yes, of course, we can say that a number of phenomena that did not manifest themselves in previous eras, assert themselves at the level of industrial civilization. At the same time, we are talking about traditional forms of manifestation of international economic relations: specialization, division of labor, trade, which created certain features of the world market long before industrial civilization.
Today, international relations are the most important factor in economic growth, structural changes and increasing the efficiency of national production, and at the same time is a catalyst for the differentiation of countries, the unevenness of their development. This can be proved by the fact that the modern world economy, both politically and socio-economically, is heterogeneous and characterized by a large multiplicity. As before, on the world stage among the subjects of economic activity of the country with different levels of industrial development, conditions and living standards of society.
In this research I aim to explore the process of formation and economic development of the world market.
Formation of the world market in ancient times and the Middle Ages
The world market goes through several stages in its development and formation (and only the final part of this process belongs to industrial civilization). Historically, the world market, or rather its features, originated in ancient times. The point is that it is in this era that international trade, trade between civilizations, takes the form of trade itself, that is, the exchange mediated by monetary relations begins to prevail (although usually natural exchange remains as an ancillary, additional type of economic relations).
But the peculiarity of the manifestation of the world market in ancient times is that it was intracontinental (local): because the world market was limited to a particular continent (Asian market, European market).
Moreover, these local markets functioned at the level of self-sufficiency. The links between these local markets, as signs of the formation of the world market were sporadic. In ancient times, the main subjects of trade at the local market were Phenicia, Ancient Egypt, India, Greece, Rome, the Mediterranean. According to socio-economic characteristics, the world market in ancient times was a craft and slavery.
Under the slave system, commodity production and commodity circulation within individual countries were poorly developed. Accordingly, only a small part of the products was sent to the foreign market. And yet with the slave means of production there was a world market.
At that time, it was mostly intracontinental. Phenicia, Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome traded both among themselves and with the numerous cities of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. But slavery by its very nature was not a commodity production and therefore could only partially be the basis for the development of foreign trade. Its more durable basis was handicraft production. Therefore, formed in the era of slavery, the world commodity market in its socio-economic nature was a craft and slave market.
For a long time and under feudalism, there was also no widespread commodity production, as subsistence farming was dominant. Due to this, a small part of agricultural products and small handicraft enterprises came in exchange. Differentiation of social production was almost absent.
Trade between individual producers covered only small areas. Merchant capital, acting as an intermediary between producers, gradually involved in exchange all the new districts and regions.
But in conditions of their political and industrial disunity, commodity exchange was irregular: there was no single national market, social needs were met mainly by local products.
The weak development of the social division of labor within individual countries prevented the establishment of regular trade relations between them. Foreign trade has not yet developed significantly and has not been significant in meeting the needs of feudal society as a whole.
However, it was under feudalism that the ancient world intracontinental market grew into an intercontinental one. In fact, medieval China traded not only with India but also with Arabia and South Africa. Venice and Genoa traded with the feudal countries of Europe, as well as with Egypt and the Middle East. Vasco da Gama’s journey connected these two regional international markets, and the discovery of America by Columbus and Magellan’s round-the-world journey united all regional markets into a single chain. So the world market did not appear in the XIX century, but much earlier. Of course, its duration was short, and the scale is small. And yet he existed. The main suppliers of goods to foreign markets were feudal lords and artisans. Therefore, formed in the era of feudalism, the commodity market in its socio-economic content was artisanal and feudal.
The means of exchanging the products of labor as goods produced by separate owners at the end of the feudal era began to develop under the influence of the emergence of capitalist enterprises, the separation of industry from agriculture. as agriculture specializes in different areas in the production of certain types of goods, due to the division of industrial production into an increasing number of industries.
During the feudal Middle Ages, especially during the period of late feudalism, the ancient world intracontinental market grew into an intercontinental one. Trade relations between China, India, the Arabian Peninsula, and North Africa are becoming quite active. These ties are manifested through the Levantine trade in the relationship between Western Europe and the East.
A new and great step towards the development of intercontinental trade were the Great Geographical Discoveries of the late 15th – early 16th centuries:
1497 – 1498 – Vasco da Gama’s voyage – ended with the opening of the sea route from Western Europe to India, resulting in a qualitatively new level were combined two regional markets: Western European and Eastern.
1492 – Columbus’s first voyage to America ends with the discovery of America. This led to the development of economic and trade relations between Europe and the Americas.
1519 – 1521 – Magellan’s voyage around the autobiographical narrative topics world – led to the unification of all continental and local markets into a single system of economic and trade relations.
Thus, the great geographical discoveries were a decisive step towards the final formation of the world market.